We all know the unfortunate story of LPS. Once it became economical to use in large-scale installations, it was only a short time until LED came in and crashed it all. The more you look into their construction, the more you realize the effort that went into creating economical LPS lamps. There are just so many features and intricacies that it is just hard to fathom how these smart people solved all of these problems, but it unfortunately never really caught on in the US. I know in other countries they have quite a bit of LPS, but it seems like a real waste of effort that this wasn’t implemented here. Anyway, are there any other lighting technologies that were superseded before widespread adoption? I know that induction lamps (outside of PSEG NJ and other small installations) weren’t adopted, and sulfur lamps weren’t really widely adopted either, but is there anything else that I haven’t heard of?

Well LPS has been in wide common use for more than half of a century, in the western end of Europe (GB, NL, BE, F,...) it was used practically everywhere where the light quality was not the prime importance, so majority of streets and roadways.
Even when its time is today about over, I wouldn't call that "never caught on"...

I was mostly just talking about the US, I should have said that sorry.

The most famous flop, for sure, is GE's Electronic Halarc domestic MH.

Also barrier discharge mercury free xenon fluorescents by Osram worth mentioning. https://lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/D%20DB%20Osram%20Planon.htm

The technology though, survived till today for specialty UV-generating lamps.

@RRK

I totally forgot about the Halarc! They are pretty cool.

That xenon fluorescent panel is very very interesting, I would assume they are ballasted with high-frequency AC, and simple constant voltage power supplies would probably be fine for these because of the low capacitance between the electrodes and the gas. I am sort of surprised they didn't catch on more, especially for something like laboratory lighting for an even and easy to look at light.

The most famous flop, for sure, is GE's Electronic Halarc domestic MH.

I think (hope, at least) that if somehow GE were able to produce the Halarc at a lower price point, it would have had a larger market share. Still a shame it fell through, though.

I think GE's Panel "F" lamp was another one. They were designed to be recessed into ceilings as a alternative to recessed troffers but I suspect it was costly to make and was a fairly fragile lamp.

I suspect they were also designed for 1x1 ceiling grids which were more common in the 50s and by the mid 60s, those started to fall out of favour for 2x2 and 2x4 ceiling grid systems. Ultimately troffers using conventional lamps was probably cheaper to install so the Panel F lamps never really caught on.

The Halarc was a interesting lamp, and GE not wanting to let all the effort and money spent on R&D go to waste, later repackaged the arc tube into a externally ballasted lamp. The ballast was also made more substantial as well and the system was sold to commercial users for a while as a incandescent and MV alternative for recessed downlights.

Another one would be the /X and /Y mercury lamp. It gave improved CRI over the /C lamps but at the expense of effieceny due to the purple stain required. Once the /DX lamp was introduced, all the manufactures replaced the /X with the /DX. Even the /C and the /W lasted for longer as a option compared to the /X. The /Y was also fairly short lived a yellow MV lamp used to highlight dangerous areas, I suppose the yellow stain affected the efficiency too much and once HPS was introduced in the late 60s it was a substantially more efficient yellow light source.     

I think some other lighting technologies in the 2000s also got cut short by LED, one major one being induction. In the mid-late 2000s at the cusp of the LED era, induction was being installed in limited amounts as a alternative to HID and HPS but LED killed it off shortly after. There were also self "ballasted" induction lamps such as Sylvania's Dura-One.

Electronic HID was another one, it already saw modest use in lower power commercial lighting in CMH tracklights and recessed cans but other forms such as electronic HPS only saw limited use as well. I think NYC was the largest user of electronic HPS luminaires.

I believe there were attempts at improving the efficiency of incandescent lamps that never really caught on. GE had the so called High Efficiency Incandescent although to this day I don't think photos or engineering samples surfaced so it be their marketing department speaking.