The blue light we have been exposed to "for three generations" consists of few spectral lines. For a Triphosphor fluorescent (so pretty much any CFL) the lines are positioned at :
410nm (low peak from Hg) - at the very end of the sensitivity range of any cone cell
440nm (high peak from Hg) - at the peak of the sensitivity of the shortwave cone cell
490nm (band, looks to me like from phosphor) - at near equal sensitivity of all 3 cone cells - shortwave, medium and long as well
LED have a single blue output band at around 450nm - Which only the S cell is sensitive to
So for the same coverage of blue side of the spectrum, it looks to me like the LED have more blue in the area which is recepted only by the S cell, possibly some effect comes from here
I cannot measure the spectrum or point the exact effect involved, but i can confirm that under LED light (of various brightness levels) i feel higher strain than under triphosphor CFL light of the same (looks to me) or higher (by rating) K temperature (LED 5000K vs CFL 6500K)
The day-night cycle is actually not (at least not mainly) controlled by the conventional cone cells. There is a third, little known photoreceptor cell type in the eyes, ganglion cells, whose purpose is not vision, but to syncronize with the day-night cycle. Their absobtion peak is supposedly around 480 nm.
Wikipedia.